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Who Were the Gods of Panamuwa I?

Publication |
2023

Abstract

Panamuwa I, king of Sam'al/Y'dy, commissioned a statue of Hadad in approximately the second quarter of the eighth century BCE. The inscription on the statue, written in the Sam'alian language, contains four lists of gods.

In lines 2-3 and 18-19, these gods are Hadad, El, Resef, Rakib-El, and gamas. The list in line n, however, contains a theonym that is not attested in the other three lists; it is usually read Arqu-Resef.

A collation of the inscription yields a new reading and interpretation of the text in line nthat sheds light not only on the identity of the enigmatic Arqu-Resef, but also on the whole list of gods in line n.