Mirror visual feedback as therapeutic modality in unilateral upper extremity complex regional pain syndrome type I: randomized controlled trial
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There is growing evidence for the effectiveness of mirror therapy (MT) on pain reduction in patients with type I complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS I). AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of MT on pain reduction and hand function in subjects with unilateral upper extremity CRPS I.
DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial with control group cross-over (half cross-over design). SETTING: Subjects with CRPS I were outpatients of a university hospital and cooperating centers.
All patients carried out the daily exercise at home. POPULATION: Subjects with unilateral upper extremity CRPS I meeting the Budapest diagnostic criteria.
METHODS: Subjects were randomly divided into two groups. Group A (N.=13) carried out a ten-minute MT exercise daily, for a total duration of six weeks.
Group B (N.=14) acted as a control group for six weeks followed by six weeks of MT with the same characteristics as Group A. Upper extremity active range of motion, strength, dexterity, limb volume, affected-to-unaffected hand temperature difference, and health-related quality of life were evaluated before and after each period.
Daily records on the visual analogue scale were used for pain evaluation. Effectiveness was calculated using mixed-effects modelling for between-group comparisons and within-group variability, and identification of significant predictors.
RESULTS: Twenty-three females and four males with an average age of 56.1+-9.6 years completed the study. Except for the affected-to-unaffected hand temperature difference, both groups consistently demonstrated significant or near-significant improvements in measured parameters after MT period.
The improvements were evident upon an intergroup comparison of Group A and the control period of Group B as well as longitudinally within Group B. No significant improvement was found during the control period.
CONCLUSIONS: Principles focused on mirror visual feedback to the central nervous system, including MT can sustain promising therapeutic potential as part of the treatment for pain reduction and hand function in CRPS I patients. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: MT can be implemented as part of the therapeutic regiment employed for the treatment of CRPS I.