The beginning of normalization as the time variation journalist writing in identity - consistency, samizdat or exile?
Abstract
Czechoslovakian August 1968 initiated the period of so-called “normalization” – with a new media policy which was at first unsuccessful despite the CPC (KSČ) attempts to seize control through renewal of the censorship board. Censors finally obtained an actual influence on media operations as a consequence of massive purges in personnel.
Hundreds of rebellious journalists were hereby forced to abandon their reporting profession. The majority of the journalists were forced under pressure to accept institutional supervision, the remaining often contributed to the development of alternative communication systems; including amongst other things via so-called “Samizdat” periodicals.
These were published by not only proscribed journalists and writers. The second branch of alternative information space was the exile media which particularly starting at the end of the 1970s (after the emergence of Charter 77) began to intensively cooperate with the domestic opposition and spread uncensored information.