Spin-transfer torques in layered structures are studied with particular attention to their direction. Situations which lead to a significant component of the torque in the direction perpendicular to both magnetizations present in the spin valve (out-of-plane torque) are described and analyzed.
Ab initio calculations were performed for these systems employing the local spin density approximation (LSDA) and the linear muffin-tin orbital (LMTO) method.